Factors That Influence Consumer Behaviour Patterns

Components That Influence Consumer Behavior Patterns Presentation Customer conduct is a confounded and different territory of study. Since promoting depends on recognizing, envisioning and giving client needs it is essential to get them. There are two dominating sorts of purchasing: purchaser purchasing, which comprises of purchasing items for individual use, and hierarchical purchasing, which includes purchasing for authoritative purposes. For advertisers to fulfill purchaser needs more completely than contenders it is critical to perceive the components that impact purchasing. This report will distinguish the fundamental components affecting purchaser personal conduct standards, especially when buying design things. It will look at how purchaser attributes impact purchaser conduct and furthermore how retailers respond to such qualities. Specifically this report will take a gander at the social components, segment factors and mental variables that impact customer purchasing. Substance 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Methodology 2 3.0 Cultural Factors 3 3.1 Reference bunches 4 3.2 Sub-culture 5 3.3 Social class 6 4.0 Demographical Factors 7 4.1 The Life Cycle Stage 8 5.0 Psychological Factors 9 5.1 Lifestyle Variables 10 5.2 Perception and Motivation 11 5.3 Personality 12 6.0 Market Segmentation, Target Marketing and Product Positioning 13 7.0 Conclusion 14 8.0 Appendix 1 15, 16 8.1 Appendix 2 17 8.2 Appendix 3 18 9.0 References 19 10.0 Bibliography 20 2.0 Methodology All exploration attempted for this was is auxiliary. It was led between the dates of Monday sixteenth February 2004 and Thursday eleventh March 2004. The principle investigate databases utilized were: Mintel Emerald The principle books utilized were: Lancaster, G, Massingham, L, and Ashford, R (2002). Basics of Marketing: Understanding the Behavior of Customers. fourth release. McGraw-Hill Education. Chisnall, P (1975). Showcasing: A Behavioral Analysis. first release. McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Limited. Williams, K (1981). Conduct Aspects of Marketing. first release. Butterworth Heinemann. The Internet and databases utilized were gotten to secretly and furthermore from the University of East London library, Docklands grounds. Books were acquired from this library too. 3.0 Cultural Factors Culture influences buyer conduct in an assortment of ways. It identifies with customs and convictions that are found out from the general public where an individual grows up. Culture is an immense territory of study that frequently has muddled limits and varies in level of affecting shoppers. Parts of our socio-culture, for example, sub-culture, social class and reference bunches assume various jobs in impacting shoppers. A typical example of conduct can be seen inside gatherings. Social change happens at a moderate pace and can be seen to advertisers as dangers or openings. Social components that impact buyer conduct can likewise be supposed to be ecological impacts. 3.1 Reference gatherings A reference bunch is one that the individual will in general use as the stay point for assessing his/her own convictions and mentalities, (American Marketing Association, 2004) There are a wide range of sorts of reference gatherings, which may affect mentalities, conduct and mental self view. Essential reference bunches are those that an individual has persistent contact with, they may comprise of family, companions, associates and so forth, and they hold the most grounded impact over the person. In auxiliary reference bunches the individual has less contact, for example, an exercises club, yet at the same time feels strain to accommodate. Optimistic gatherings have minimal contact with the individual, yet the individual despite everything endeavors to get comparative. Big name supports could be supposed to be optimistic gatherings. In any case with regards to whether an individual is, or tries to turn into an individual from a specific gathering, the gathering can in any case impact the people esteems, perspectives and standards of conduct. The impact a reference bunch hangs on an individual can be viewed as positive, negative or both. A genuine case of essential reference bunches is the road packs in Manchester. Moran (2004) composes of the packs of adolescents where individuals must dress as indicated by the code of their posse. The packs can be distinguished through wearing hooded tops, handkerchiefs, balaclavas and gold chains. Be that as it may, the Manchester Magistrates Court has prohibited four individuals from a pack from wearing hooded tops, handkerchiefs and balaclavas trying to make them look less undermining and weaken the group clothing standards. Individuals and people who are impacted by the groups are trying to accommodate, almost certain buy things of garments, for example, hooded tops and handkerchiefs. Figure 1 shows the presence of a normal pack part. Sub-culture A sub-culture could be characterized as a gathering of people whose convictions, qualities and conduct vary from that of the transcendent culture. There are a wide range of sub societies that are regularly alluded to as portions. A few instances of subcultures include: nationality gatherings, strict gatherings, geographic gatherings and age gatherings. Sub-culture has a significant impact to advertisers due to their effect on brands and kinds of item and administrations requested by their individuals. Chisnall (1975) p.98. Mintel (2003) reports of a rising in vogue youth sub-culture, in which extraordinary games is the point of convergence. This culture is revolting endlessly from long working hours and substantial TV watching way of life. In this elective culture the intrigue and interest of outrageous games has converged with music and garments. A solid accentuation of this culture can be seen through apparel and footwear specifically. Loose attire is a prevailing clothing regulation. (See figure 2) Mintel gauges that purchasers burned through  £4.5 billion on outrageous games products in 2003, an expansion of 29% on 1998. (See index 1, figure 3) Mintel additionally reports that degrees of dispensable livelihoods have impacted the ascent in extraordinary games. Somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2003 dispensable earnings have expanded by 21%. (See informative supplement 1, figure 4) korn 3.3 Social Class Inside each general public there exists a class structure. This alludes to people who share certain comparable qualities, for example, occupation, socialization, instruction and salary. The unbending nature of the class structure shifts significantly in various social orders. Britain could be said to have an open society, inside which it is anything but difficult to move starting with one class then onto the next. In any case, less created nations, for example, Cambodia, where there is almost no opportunity of social portability, could be supposed to be a shut society. Since individuals from a similar social class have the same qualities they will likewise show a comparative example of conduct. Social class assumes an extremely huge job in buyer conduct. It can impact where an individual shops, for example, showcase slows down, shopping centers or on the web, when and how frequently an individual shops, for example, consistently, week by week or month to month and what an individual shops for. The National Readership Survey has decided a famous and successful order of social gatherings. (See informative supplement 2, figure 5). Williams, T (2002) inspects customer conduct according to social class. In an examination including 612 respondents it was discovered that salary doesnt have an immediate relationship with class on the grounds that there are colossal covers between wages of various classes. For instance a specialist gaining  £30,000 a year would be white collar class while a block layer procuring  £50,000 a year would stay regular workers. Anyway it was discovered that pay influences buyer conduct inside the setting of social class. It was additionally discovered that instruction has an enormous bearing on shopper data handling and dynamic. Progressively taught customers, for example, college graduates will in general be proficient of market powers and openings than the school leaver. They read more, read various magazines, invest less energy sitting in front of the TV, depend less on understand brands and put additional time and exertion into buying choices. Changing degrees of information and p erception lead to various standards of conduct in dynamic procedures. 4.0 Demographical Factors Segment components, for example, age, sex, salary, instruction and occupation are for the most part singular factors that can fundamentally influence purchaser conduct. These components impact the sort of item an individual may need, where the individual may shop and furthermore the buy assessment process. Segment factors are a portion of the central point focused in advertise division. As a people phase of life advances, so the will needs and needs of an item. To assist advertisers with making a more clear qualification between segment bunches for showcase division grouping bases have been created. A Classification of Residential Neighborhoods (ACORN) is a well known geo-segment procedure utilized as a division base. Oak seed maps topographically the convergences of a specific sort of individual and can be valuable for helping advertisers choose store areas and focusing on direct mailing. The American Marketing Association (2004) takes a gander at of the ways of managing money among young people. From overviews did in America its said that expanding measures of adolescents are attempting to look progressively popular and in vogue. Accordingly they are getting progressively receptive to advertising and going through more cash than any time in recent memory on attire. American young people matured 12 19 burned through $175 billion of every 2003 on garments, which is an expansion of $20 from 2000. Advertisers have gotten mindful of how susceptible adolescents are. They have responded by sectioning the adolescent and advertising straightforwardly to them. Shops, for example, Urban Outfitters focus on the adolescent market by viewing their decisions cautiously to start the precedents. 4.1 The Life Cycle Stage An individual experiences different stages for a mind-blowing duration. Each phase of life will influence what the shopper needs and needs, the buy assessment procedure and volumes of use. Customer conduct o

El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje :: Spanish Essays

El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje La palabraâ€el hablaâ€es la casa del ser. En su morada habita el hombre. Los pensantes y los poetas child los vigilantes de esta morada.â€Carta sobre el humanismo M. Heidegger (1) Las palabras child de todos Eugenio Montale (2) RESUMEN: Adviã ©rtase que no es caprichosa la elecciã ³n de los acã ¡pites que guiarã ¡n el presente trabajo. Ambos, expresan un sentido de verdad respecto de sus propias disciplinas: la filosofã ­a y la poesã ­a, materias singularmente destacadas por M. Heidegger en cuanto a la custodia del instrumento mã ¡s valioso en poder el hombre. Instrumento, herramienta, morada, condensados en la palabra humana que, a su vez, es propiedad de todos segã ºn Montale. La brevedad de las pã ¡ginas que seguirã ¡n intentarã ¡n enforcar los problemas de la comunicaciã ³n desde el lenguaje, la filosofã ­a y la literatura, no sã ³lo como hilo conductor para desarrollar el tema, sino como tributo que se rinde a quienes pasaron su vida inmersos en stories problemas, dedicados a resolverlos y an ahorrar al resto de la humanidad las consecuencias à ­ntimas y externas de ese debatirse. Paul Valery nos advirtiã ³ que dos abismos no cesan de amenazar al hombre: el orden y el desorden. En la prolongada lucha por alcanzar un digno medio entre ambas catã ¡strofes, la comunicaciã ³nâ€como vehã ­culo all inclusive de intercambio entre los habitantes de nuestro planeta†juega un papel de central importancia: la de poner la casa en orden, por lo menos relativo, para que esa morada ocean habitada, Vivida, con decoro. Lamentablemente, prolongados perã ­odos histã ³ricos, se caracterizan por ignorar la sabia advertencia de Heidegger en cuanto a los custodios del habla (poetas y pensadores) quienes no sã ³lo child ignorados sino sencilla y fatalmente barridos de la faz de la tierra o silenciados de modo drã ¡stico para que la comunicaciã ³n humana no adquiera sino una babã ©lica confusiã ³n proclive an envolver en ella a los hombres y sus conductas. Ordenar la morada heideggeriana sin descuidar su calidez, sin abandonar una à ©tica que partiendo de la palabra misma se continã ºe en los actos, implica un ciclã ³peo trabajo que deberã ¡ asumirse hasta el blade de los tiempos, pues el hombre finito aspira a la infinitud de cierta perfecciã ³n diacrã ³nica. Si el hombre mora en el habla y las palabras child de todos, ello requerirã ¡ no una selecciã ³n, no una plã ©yade de pensadores y poetas, sino toda una humanidad capaz de superar sus propios peligros y de comunicarse en cã ³digos limpios y fã ¡cilmente interpretables.

Economics Basics Production Possibility Frontier, Growth, Opportunity Cost and Trade

Economics Basics Production Possibility Frontier, Growth, Opportunity Cost and Trade Sometimes w? ??k ?u??ti?n? like who inv?nt?d th? ???n?m?? I know Ive ??k?d that ?u??ti?n a couple of tim??. H?w did we g?t there? How did w? g?t t? this ??int in tim? where v?r? thing i? ??l?ul?t?d with ???n?mi? g?in? in mind?Actually, the real ?u??ti?n i? was th?r? ?v?r a time wh?r? economics didnt m?tt?r? Wh?n tr?d? didnt m?tt?r or when a ??r??n didnt w?nt to gr?w hi? bu?in????I gu??? not.Wh?n man started b???ming wise, h? ?t?rt?d inv?nting economic th??ri??, ?v?n th?ugh ?t the tim?, they weren’t thought as theories.Man b?g?n t? ?t?r? f??d.Eventually, h? ?t?rt?d tr?ding hi? own food f?r ??m?thing else h? didnt h?v?. It wasnt l?ng before th? b?rt?r system was ?ffi?i?ll? inv?nt?d.In the end, th?t t?? ?v?lv?d into th? money system (g?ld ?t th? tim?) ?nd n?w, P???r m?n??. E??n?mi?? principles h?v? ?lw??? been with m?n.Aft?r all, man th?? say is a social ?nim?l.In thi? ?rti?l?, w? w?uld be discussing b??i? ???n?mi?? concepts. Because economics inv?lv?? a l?t of diff?r?nt sub di??i?lin ??, w? w?uld focus onProduction P???ibilit? frontierGr?wthO???rtunit? costTr?d?BUT FIRST OFF, WHAT IS ECONOMICS? Th? discipline w?? r?n?m?d in the l?t? 19th century primarily du? to Alfred M?r?h?ll from political ???n?m? t? ???n?mi?? ?? a shorter t?rm f?r ???n?mi? ??i?n??.At th?t tim?, it b???m? more open t? rig?r?u? thinking and made in?r????d u?? ?f m?th?m?ti??, whi?h helped ?u???rt ?ff?rt? to have it ?????t?d ?? a ??i?n?? and ?? a separate di??i?lin? ?ut?id? ?f political science and ?th?r social ??i?n???.The ultimate g??l ?f ???n?mi?? i? to improve the living ??nditi?n? of ????l? in th?ir everyday life.E??n?mi?? is a complex subject filled with a m?z? ?f ??nfu?ing terms and d?t?il? which can b? diffi?ult to ?x?l?in.Ev?n ???n?mi?t? h?v? trouble d?fining ?x??tl? what ???n?mi?? m??n?. Y?t, there i? n? d?ubt th?t th? economy and the things we l??rn thr?ugh economics affect ?ur ?v?r?d?? liv??.In short, economics i? th? ?tud? ?f how ????l? and gr?u?? ?f ????l? use th?ir r???ur???. M?n? ? ??rt?inl? i? ?n? ?f those resources, but other thing? ??n play a role in economics ?? w?ll.Economics i? divid?d int? tw? g?n?r?l ??t?g?ri??: mi?r????n?mi?? and m??r????n?mi??. On? l??k? ?t the individual m?rk?t? while th? other l??k? at ?n entire economy.Fr?m there, we can n?rr?w ???n?mi?? int? a numb?r ?f ?ubfi?ld? ?f ?tud?.Th??? include ???n?m?tri??, ???n?mi? development, agricultural ???n?mi??, urb?n ???n?mi??, Pr?du?ti?n P???ibilit? Frontier, Gr?wth, O???rtunit? Cost, Trade ?nd mu?h m?r?.If you have ?n int?r??t in h?w th? world works ?nd how fin?n?i?l markets ?r indu?tr? outlooks affect the economy, ??u might ??n?id?r studying ???n?mi??.Its a f???in?ting fi?ld and has career potential in a number ?f disciplines, fr?m fin?n?? t? sales t? th? government.Macroeconomics ?nd Mi?r????n?mi??Th? m??t common divi?i?n ?f ???n?mi?? i? th?t which separates m??r????n?mi?? fr?m mi?r????n?mi??. Th? diff?r?n?? b?tw??n macro and micro w?? introduced in 1933 b? th? Norwegian, Ragnar Fri??h.The ?rigin of the words says a lot about th?ir m??ning: in Gr??k, m??r? m??n? big ?nd mi?r? m??n? ?m?ll.Mi?r????n?mi??Microeconomics i? th? ?tud? of d??i?i?n? th?t people and bu?in????? make r?g?rding th? ?ll???ti?n of resources ?nd ?ri??? of g??d? and ??rvi???. Thi? means ?l?? t?king into ????unt t?x?? and r?gul?ti?n? ?r??t?d b? g?v?rnm?nt?.Microeconomics f??u??? on supply ?nd demand and ?th?r forces th?t determine th? ?ri?? l?v?l? ???n in th? ???n?m?.F?r ?x?m?l?, mi?r????n?mi?? would l??k at how a specific ??m??n? could maximize it? ?r?du?ti?n and ?????it?, ?? th?t it could lower ?ri??? ?nd b?tt?r ??m??t? in it? indu?tr?.M??r????n?mi??John M??n?rd Keynes is ?ft?n ?r?dit?d with f?unding m??r????n?mi??, wh?n he initi?t?d the use of monetary ?ggr?g?t?? t? ?tud? br??d ?h?n?m?n?.Macroeconomics, i? th? field of ???n?mi?? that ?tudi?? th? b?h?vi?r of th? ???n?m? as a wh?l?, n?t ju?t of specific companies, but ?ntir? indu?tri?? and ???n?mi??.It looks ?t economy-wide ?h?n?m?n?, ?u?h ?? Gr??? D ?m??ti? Pr?du?t (GDP) and h?w it i? ?ff??t?d by changes in unemployment, n?ti?n?l income, r?t? of gr?wth, and ?ri?? levels.F?r ?x?m?l?, macroeconomics would l??k at h?w ?n in?r????/d??r???? in net exports w?uld ?ff??t a n?ti?n? capital ????unt ?r h?w GDP w?uld be ?ff??t?d b? th? unemployment rate.TR?D? Th? t?rm “trading” ?im?l? m??n? “exchanging one it?m f?r another”. W? usually understand thi? t? be th? exchanging ?f g??d? f?r m?n?? ?r in other words, ?im?l? buying ??m?thing.Tr?d? i? a b??i? ???n?mi? ??n???t inv?lving th? buying and selling ?f g??d? ?nd ??rvi???, with ??m??n??ti?n paid by a bu??r to a seller, or the exchange ?f g??d? ?r ??rvi??? between ??rti??.Th? m??t ??mm?n m?dium ?f exchange f?r th??? tr?n???ti?n? is m?n??, but tr?d? m?? ?l?? b? ?x??ut?d with the exchange of g??d? or ??rvi??? between b?th ??rti??, r?f?rr?d t? as a barter, or payment with virtual ?urr?n??, th? m??t ???ul?r of whi?h is bitcoin.In fin?n?i?l m?rk?t?, trading r?f?r? t? th? bu?ing ?nd selling ?f securities, ?u?h ?? th? purchase ?f stock on th? floor of th? N?w York St??k Exchange (NYSE).Tr?d? refers to tr?n???ti?n? ranging in ??m?l?xit? fr?m th? ?x?h?ng? ?f baseball ??rd? between collectors to multin?ti?n?l policies setting protocols for im??rt? ?nd exports between ??untri??.Regardless ?f th? ??m?l?xit? ?f th? tr?n???ti?n, trading i? facilitated thr?ugh three primary t???? ?f exchanges. Tr?d?? are ?x??ut?d with th? ???m?nt ?f ??v?r?ign ?urr?n??, the ?x?h?ng? ?f g??d? ?nd services, ?r payment with a virtual ?urr?n??.Mediums ?f ?x?h?ng?M?n??, whi?h also fun?ti?n? as a unit ?f account ?nd a ?t?r? ?f v?lu?, is th? m??t common medium of ?x?h?ng?, providing a v?ri?t? ?f m?th?d? for fund transfers b?tw??n bu??r? ?nd ??ll?r?, in?luding cash, ACH tr?n?f?r?, credit ??rd? ?nd wir?d fund?.Money’s attribute as a ?t?r? ?f v?lu? also provides ???ur?n?? that fund? r???iv?d by ??ll?r? as ???m?nt for g??d? ?r services ??n be u??d t? m?k? ?ur?h???? of ??uiv?l?nt value in th? futur?.Cash less trades inv?lving th? exchange ?f goods ?r ??rvi??? between ??rti?? ?r? r?f?rr?d to ?? b?rt?r tr?n???ti?n?. Whil? barter is ?ft?n ?????i?t?d with ?rimitiv? or und?v?l???d ???i?ti??, th??? tr?n???ti?n? are also u??d b? l?rg? ??r??r?ti?n? ?nd individu?l? as a m??n? ?f g?ining g??d? in exchange for excess, und?rutiliz?d ?r unwanted ????t?.For ?x?m?l?, in th? 1970?, P???iC? In?. set u? a barter ?gr??m?nt with the Ru??i?n g?v?rnm?nt to tr?d? ??l? syrup f?r St?li?hn??? v?dk?. In 1990, th? d??l w?? expanded to $3 billi?n dollars ?nd in?lud?d 10 Russian-built ?hi??, whi?h PepsiCo leased ?r sold in the years f?ll?wing th? ?gr??m?nt.A? th? n?w??t m?dium ?f ?x?h?ng?, virtual ?urr?n?i?? do not ?x???? h?ld?r? t? f?r?ign ?x?h?ng? ri?k?, provide ?n?n?mit? between tr?ding ??rtn?r? if desired ?nd avoid th? often-significant ?r?????ing f?? f?r credit cards.Th? most ???ul?r virtu?l ?urr?n?? i? bitcoin, which w?? intr?du??d in 2009. Bitcoins are h?ld in virtu?l wallets and can b? u??d with a gr?win g number of m?r?h?nt?, in?luding W?rdPr???.??m ?nd Ov?r?t??k.??m.The virtual currency i? ?l?? ???ul?r with small bu?in?????, du? in ??rt t? th? l??k ?f ?r?????ing f???.Supply ?nd d?m?nd in tr?dingIncrease in demand m??n? an increase in ?ri??W? ??n ?x?l?in this using a ?im?l? everyday ?x?m?l? of bu?ing f??d. L?t’? ??? ??u ?r? in a m?rk?t and there are ?nl? ten ???l?? l?ft on a stall. Thi? is th? only place where ??u can bu? ???l??.If you are th? ?nl? ??r??n ?nd you ?nl? w?nt a couple of apples, then th? m?rk?t ?t?ll ?wn?r will m??t likely sell them t? you ?t a r????n?bl? ?ri??.Now lets say th?t fift??n ????l? ?nt?r the m?rk?t and th?? all w?nt apples. To m?k? sure th?t th?? will ??tu?ll? g?t th?m b?f?r? the ?th?r? d?, th?? are willing to ??? m?r? f?r th?m. H?n??, the m?rk?t ?t?ll owner ??n put th? price up, b???u?? h? kn?w? th?t th?r? i? m?r? d?m?nd for th? ???l?? than ?u??l? ?f th?m.Once th? apples r???h a ?ri?? ?t whi?h th? customers think th?? ?r? too ?x??n?iv?, th?? will th?n ? t?? bu?ing th?m.Wh?n the m?rk?t ?t?ll owner r??li??? th?t h? i? n?t ??lling hi? ???l?? anymore because they ?r? t?? ?x??n?iv?, h? will ?t?? r?i?ing th? price ?nd it m?? come b??k d?wn t? a level, ?t whi?h ?u?t?m?r? will start t? buy the ???l?? ?g?in.In?r???? in supply m??n? a d??r???? in priceLet’s ??? th?t suddenly ?n?th?r m?rk?t ?t?ll ?wn?r ??m?? int? th? market ?nd h?? ?v?n more ???l?? t? ??ll.Th? ?u??l? ?f ???l?? h?? n?w in?r????d dramatically.It ?t?nd? to r????n that the ????nd m?rk?t ?t?ll ?wn?r may w?nt to ??ll ???l?? at a cheaper price th?n the fir?t stall ?wn?r to entice ?u?t?m?r?. It ?l?? stands t? r????n th?t the customers w?uld probably w?nt t? buy at th? lower ?ri??.S??ing thi?, th? fir?t ?t?ll ?wn?r will m??t lik?l? bring hi? ?ri??? down. Th? sudden in?r???? in ?u??l? has th?r?f?r? br?ught the ?ri?? of the apples down.Th? price at whi?h d?m?nd matches ?u??l? i? called th? “market ?ri??”, i.e. the ?ri?? l?v?l at which b?th th? market ?t?ll owner and th? customers ?gr?? on both a ?ri?? ?nd numb?r of ???l?? sold.WH?T I? OPPORTUNITY C??T The fundamental ?r?bl?m ?f economics is th? issue ?f scarcity. Th?r?f?r? we are ??n??rn?d with the optimal u?? ?nd distribution of these ???r?? r???ur???.Wherever there is ???r?it? we ?r? f?r??d to m?k? ?h?i???. If w? have $20, w? ??n ???nd it ?n ?n economic t?xtb??k, ?r w? can ?nj?? a meal in a r??t?ur?nt.If w? ???nd th?t $20 ?n a t?xtb??k, th? ????rtunit? ???t i? th? restaurant meal w? cannot ?ff?rd t? pay.O???rtunit? cost thus r?f?r? to a b?n?fit that a person could have r???iv?d, but g?v? u?, t? t?k? ?n?th?r ??ur?? of ??ti?n. St?t?d differently, ?n ????rtunit? cost r??r???nt? ?n ?lt?rn?tiv? giv?n up wh?n a d??i?i?n is made.Thi? ???t i?, th?r?f?r?, most r?l?v?nt for two mutually ?x?lu?iv? events.In investing, it i? th? diff?r?n?? in return b?tw??n a ?h???n investment ?nd ?n? th?t i? n??????ril? passed up.Sim?l? stated, ?n ????rtunit? ???t i? th? cost ?f a mi???d ????rtunit?. It i? th? opposite ?f the b?n?fit that w?uld have b??n gained h?d ?n action, n?t taken, been t?k?n the mi???d opportunity. Thi? i? a ??n???t u??d in ???n?mi??.A??li?d t? a bu?in??? decision, th? opportunity cost might r?f?r t? th? profit a ??m??n? ??uld have earned fr?m its ???it?l, equipment, ?nd real ??t?t? if th??? ????t? h?d b??n u??d in a different way. Th? concept of ????rtunit? cost may b? applied t? m?n? diff?r?nt situations. It should b? considered whenever ?ir?um?t?n??? ?r? such that ???r?it? n?????it?t?? th? ?l??ti?n ?f one ??ti?n over ?n?th?r.O???rtunit? ???t i? u?u?ll? defined in t?rm? of m?n??, but it m?? also b? ??n?id?r?d in terms of tim?, ??r??n-h?ur?, mechanical output, or ?n? ?th?r finite r???ur??.Examples of Opportunity CostsOn? w?? t? d?m?n?tr?t? th? concept of ????rtunit? ???t? i? through an ?x?m?l? of inv??tm?nt capital. A ?riv?t? inv??t?r ?ur?h???? $10,000 in a ??rt?in ???urit?, such ?? shares in a ??r??r?ti?n, and after ?n? ???r th? investment has appreciated in value t? $10,500. The inv?? t?r? return i? 5 ??r??nt.Th? investor considers other ways th? $10,000 ??uld have b??n invested, ?nd di???v?r? a b?nk certificate with ?n annual ?i?ld ?f 6 percent ?nd a government bond that ??rri?? an ?nnu?l yield of 7.5 ??r??nt. After a ???r, the bank ??rtifi??t? w?uld h?v? appreciated in v?lu? t? $10,600, ?nd th? g?v?rnm?nt b?nd would have appreciated to $10,750.Th? opportunity ???t ?f purchasing ?h?r?? is $100 r?l?tiv? t? the b?nk ??rtifi??t?, ?nd $250 relative t? the g?v?rnm?nt b?nd. Th? investors d??i?i?n to ?ur?h??? shares with a 5 ??r??nt r?turn ??m?? ?t th? cost ?f a l??t ????rtunit? to ??rn 6 ?r 7.5 ??r??nt.Expressed in t?rm? ?f tim?, ??n?id?r a ??mmut?r wh? chooses t? driv? to w?rk, r?th?r than using public tr?n???rt?ti?n.B???u?? of h??v? tr?ffi? and a l??k ?f ??rking, it t?k?? th? ??mmut?r 90 minut?? to g?t to w?rk. If th? ??m? commute ?n public transportation w?uld h?v? taken only 40 minutes, the ????rtunit? cost ?f driving w?uld b? 50 minut??. Th? ??mmut?r might n?tur? ll? h?v? chosen driving ?v?r public transportation b???u?? she had a u?? for th? ??r after w?rk ?r because ?h? could n?t h?v? anticipated tr?ffi? d?l??? in driving.Experience ??n ?r??t? a b??i? for futur? decisions, ?nd th? ??mmut?r m?? be l??? in?lin?d t? driv? n?xt tim?, kn?wing th? ??n???u?n??? ?f tr?ffi? ??ng??ti?n.In another ?x?m?l?, a ?m?ll bu?in??? ?wn? th? building in whi?h it ???r?t??, ?nd thus ???? no r?nt f?r office ?????.But thi? d??? n?t m??n th?t th? ??m??n?? cost f?r ?ffi?? ????? is z?r?, ?v?n th?ugh an ????unt?nt might treat it that w??. In?t??d, th? ?m?ll bu?in??? ?wn?r mu?t ??n?id?r the ????rtunit? ???t ?????i?t?d with r???rving th? building f?r it? ?urr?nt u??.P?rh??? the building ??uld h?v? b??n r?nt?d out t? ?n?th?r company, with th? bu?in??? it??lf r?l???t?d t? a l???ti?n with a high?r l?v?l of ?u?t?m?r traffic.The f?r?g?n? money fr?m these ?lt?rn?tiv? uses of th? ?r???rt? i? ?n ????rtunit? ???t ?f u?ing the ?ffi?? ?????, ?nd thu? ?h?uld be ??n?id?r?d in calcul ations ?f th? small businesss ?x??n???.Application ?f ????rtunit? ???tWhen making big decisions like bu?ing a home or starting a bu?in???, you will lik?l? ??ru?ul?u?l? r????r?h th? ?r?? ?nd ??n? ?f your financial d??i?i?n, but m??t of ?ur day-to-day ?h?i??? ?r?nt made with a full understanding of th? potential opportunity ???t?.If th??r? ??uti?u? ?b?ut a purchase, m??t people just l??k ?t th?ir savings ????unt ?nd check th?ir b?l?n?? before ???nding m?n??.F?r the m??t ??rt, w? d?nt think ?b?ut th? things that we mu?t giv? up wh?n w? make th??? d??i?i?n?.However, th?t kind of thinking could b? dangerous. The ?r?bl?m lies wh?n ??u never look ?t wh?t ?l?? ??u ??uld d? with ??ur m?n?? or buy things blindl? without considering th? l??t opportunities.Bu?ing t?k??ut for lun?h ?????i?n?ll? can b? a wise d??i?i?n, especially if it g?t? you ?ut ?f th? ?ffi?? when ??ur b??? i? thr?wing a fit.H?w?v?r, bu?ing one ?h????burg?r ?v?r? d?? for the n?xt 25 ???r? could l??d to ??v?r?l missed ????rtuni ti??.Aside fr?m the potentially harmful h??lth ?ff??t? ?f high ?h?l??t?r?l, investing th?t $4.50 ?n a burg?r ??uld add u? t? ju?t ?v?r $52,000 in th?t tim? fr?m?, ???uming a v?r? d??bl? rate of r?turn ?f 5%.Thi? is just ?n? ?im?l? ?x?m?l?, but th? core message h?ld? tru? f?r a v?ri?t? ?f situations. From choosing whether t? inv??t in ??f? tr???ur? b?nd? or deciding t? ?tt?nd a ?ubli? ??ll?g? over a ?riv?t? one in order t? g?t a d?gr??, th?r? ?r? ?l?nt? ?f thing? t? ??n?id?r wh?n m?king a d??i?i?n in ??ur personal fin?n?? lif?.While it m?? ??und like overkill to have t? think ?b?ut ????rtunit? ???t? every tim? ??u w?nt t? bu? a ??nd? b?r ?r g? ?n vacation, it? ?n im??rt?nt tool t? u?? to m?k? the b??t u?? of your money.An?th?r w?? t? d?m?n?tr?t? the concept of opportunity costs i? through ?n example of inv??tm?nt ???it?l. A private inv??t?r purchases $10,000 in a certain security, such ?? shares in a ??r??r?ti?n, and ?ft?r ?n? ???r th? inv??tm?nt h?? ???r??i?t?d in v?lu? to $10,500. Th? inv??t?r? return i? 5 ??r??nt.The investor ??n?id?r? other w??? th? $10,000 ??uld h?v? b??n inv??t?d, ?nd di???v?r? a b?nk certificate with an annual ?i?ld ?f 6 ??r??nt and a government b?nd that carries an annual yield of 7.5 ??r??nt. Aft?r a ???r, th? bank ??rtifi??t? w?uld h?v? ???r??i?t?d in value t? $10,600, ?nd th? g?v?rnm?nt bond would have ???r??i?t?d to $10,750.The ????rtunit? ???t of purchasing shares i? $100 relative t? th? bank certificate, and $250 relative to th? g?v?rnm?nt bond. The investors decision t? ?ur?h??? ?h?r?? with a 5 percent return ??m?? ?t th? ???t ?f a l??t ????rtunit? to ??rn 6 ?r 7.5 percent.Alth?ugh ????rtunit? ???t? are not g?n?r?ll? considered by ????unt?nt?â€"fin?n?i?l ?t?t?m?nt? ?nl? in?lud? ?x?li?it costs, or actual ?utl???â€"th?? ?h?uld b? ??n?id?r?d b? m?n?g?r?. M??t bu?in??? ?wn?r? do ??n?id?r opportunity ???t? whenever th?? m?k? a d??i?i?n about whi?h ?f tw? ????ibl? ??ti?n? t? t?k?.Sm?ll businesses f??t?r in ????rtunit? ???t? wh?n ??m?ut ing their ???r?ting expenses in order t? provide a bid ?r estimate ?n the ?ri?? ?f a job.F?r ?x?m?l?, a l?nd????ing firm m?? b? bidding on two j?b? ???h ?f whi?h will u?? half of its ??ui?m?nt during a ??rti?ul?r period ?f tim?.A? a r??ult, th?? will f?rg? ?th?r job ????rtuniti?? some ?f which m?? b? l?rg? and ??t?nti?ll? ?r?fit?bl?.O???rtunit? costs in?r???? the ???t of d?ing bu?in???, and thus ?h?uld be r???v?r?d wh?n?v?r ????ibl? ?? a portion ?f th? ?v?rh??d ?x??n?? charged t? ?v?r? j?b.PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER (PPF) Und?r the field ?f m??r????n?mi??, the ?r?du?ti?n ????ibilit? frontier (PPF) exists.D?finiti?n: Pr?du?ti?n ????ibiliti?? frontier (PPF), also kn?wn ?? production ????ibilit? curve ?r the tr?n?f?rm?ti?n ?urv?, indi??t?? th? m?ximum ?ut?ut ??mbin?ti?n? ?f tw? g??d? ?r ??rvi??? ?n economy ??n ??hi?v? b? fully u?ing ?ll ?v?il?bl? resources ?ffi?i?ntl?.A ?r?du?ti?n ????ibilit? frontier (PPF) ?h?w? the m?ximum ????ibl? ?ut?ut ??mbin?ti?n? of tw? g??d? ?r ??rvi??? ?n ???n?m? ??n ??hi?v? wh?n all r???ur??? ?r? full? ?nd ?ffi?i?ntl? employed. F??t?r? such ?? l?b?r, ???it?l ?nd t??hn?l?g?, ?m?ng ?th?r?, will ?ff??t th? resources ?v?il?bl?, whi?h will di?t?t? wh?r? th? ?r?du?ti?n possibility frontier li??.The PPF indi??t?? th? ?r?du?ti?n possibilities ?f tw? ??mm?diti?? when r???ur??? ?r? fix?d. Thi? m??n? that the ?r?du?ti?n of ?n? ??mm?dit? ??n ?nl? in?r???? when the production ?f th? other ??mm?dit? is r?du??d, due t? the availability ?f r???ur???.Th?r?f?r?, th? PPF m???ur?? th? ?ffi?i?n?? in whi?h tw? commodities ??n b? produced t?g?th?r, h?l?ing m?n?g?r? and l??d?r? decide wh?t mix of commodities ?r? most beneficial. Th? PPF assumes th?t technology is constant, resources are u??d ?ffi?i?ntl?, ?nd that th?r? i? n?rm?ll? ?nl? a choice between tw? ??mm?diti??.A ?r?du?ti?n ????ibilit? curve even ?h?w? th? basic ???n?mi? ?r?bl?m of a country h?ving limited r???ur???, f??ing ????rtunit? ???t? ?nd ???r?it? in the ???n?m?.Selecting ?n? ?lt?rn?tiv? ove r another ?n? i? known ?? opportunity cost. E??n?mi?t? u?? PPF to illu?tr?t? th? tr?d?-?ff? that arise from ???r?it?.Let’s l??k at examplesTypically, ????rtunit? ???t occurs wh?n a manager ?h????? b?tw??n tw? ?lt?rn?tiv? w??? ?f ?ll???ting business resources. In other words, if one ??ti?n i? ?h???n, the ?th?r ??ti?n i? f?r?g?n? or giv?n up.There i? a trade ?ff. H?n??, th? production possibility fr?nti?r ?r?vid?? an accurate tool t? illu?tr?t? the effects ?f m?king ?n economic ?h?i??.At any given ??int of a PPF, the ??m??n? ?r?du??? ?t m?ximum ?ffi?i?n?? b? fully u?ing it? resources. At ?n ???n?mi? level, thi? i? known ?? th? P?r?t? efficiency, whi?h suggests th?t, when ?ll???ting r???ur???, th? ?h?i?? of one will worse off th? ?th?r. Al??, any ??int inside th? PPF is inefficient b???u?? ?t th?t ??int th? ?ut?ut i? gr??t?r than the ?ut?ut th?t th? existing r???ur??? ??n ?r?du??.F?r ?x?m?l?, a country ?r?du??? ?izz? ?nd ?ug?r. If the ??untr? decides t? ramp u? it? sugar ?r?du?ti?n, u?ing th? ?xi?ting fix?d r???ur???, it h?? t? lower it? ?izz? production.H?n??, ?t ??int? A, B, ?nd C, the ???n?m? ??hi?v?? the m?ximum production possibilities b?tw??n ?izz? ?nd ?ug?r. P?int D i? in?id? th? PPF lin? and is in?ffi?i?nt because ?ll th? r???ur??? ?r? not being u??d properly. P?int E i? ?im?l? b???nd th? ?m?unt of ?r?du?ti?n ?tt?in?bl? with th? current l?v?l ?f r???ur???. Source: E??n?mi??, by Paul A S?mu?l??nConsider another example;C?n?id?r E??thi? as a h???th?ti??l country th?t ?r?du??? ?nl? tw? goods â€" Air C?nditi?n?r? ?nd R?frig?r?t?r?.When it u??? ?ll ?f it? resources, it ??n ?r?du?? fiv? milli?n Refrigerators ?nd fift? five million Air Conditioners.R?frig?r?t?r? (m)Air Conditioners (m)07016926836546055564873982490 Firstly, we ??n d???rib? the ????rtunit? cost ?f E??thi? f?r ?r?du?ing a giv?n output of R?frig?r?t?r? or Air Conditioners.F?r in?t?n??, If E??thi? ?r?du??? 3m R?frig?r?t?r?; th? opportunity ???t i? 5m Air Conditioners.Thi? i? th? diff?r?n?? between th? m?ximum ?ut?ut ?f Air C?nditi?n?r? th?t ??n be ?r?du??d if n? Refrigerators ?r? produced (whi?h i? 70m) and th? number ?f Air C?nditi?n?r? th?t can b? produced if 3m R?frig?r?t?r? ?r? ?r?du??d (whi?h i? 65m).Simil?rl?, the ????rtunit? ???t ?f ?r?du?ing 7m R?frig?r?t?r? is 31m Air Conditioners whi?h i? 70 39.In ?umm?r?, Pr?du?ti?n ??int? ?n a PPF ?r? possible and efficient. Production points on a PPF r??r???nt efficient u?? of ?ll of th? economy’s r???ur???. It is im????ibl? t? produce m?r? ?f one ?r?du?t (measured ?n ?n? ?xi?) with?ut ?r?du?ing l??? ?f th? other product (m???ur?d ?n th? ?th?r axis).Pr?du?ti?n points in?id? a PPF ?r? possible, but inefficient. Pr?du?ti?n ??int? in?id? a PPF indi??t? th? ???n?m? i? either not u?ing ?ll of it? r???ur??? (?.g., there i? un?m?l??m?nt) ?r i? u?ing th?m in?ffi?i?ntl? (e.g., gr?wing oranges in K?n??? ?nd wh??t in Florida). This ??n ?l?? h????n if there i? a natural ?r human-made disaster, lik? a hurri??n? d??tr??ing a f??t?r? ?nd machinery.P?int? ?ut?id? the PPF ?r? un?tt?in?bl? ?r?du?ti?n ??int? given current r???ur??? and t??hn?l?gi??. It is im????ibl? f?r ?n economy t? produce ?ut?id? it? PPF. Th? PPF can change, h?w?v?r, with changes in r???ur??? or t??hn?l?g?. Additional resources ?nd improvements in t??hn?l?g? push th? PPF further ?w?? from th? ?rigin. A loss ?f r???ur??? m?v?? th? PPF t?w?rd th? ?rigin.P?int? outside the PPF might b? ?tt?in?bl? consumption ??int?, h?w?v?r. C?n?um?ti?n ??int? ?ut?id? th? PPF m?? be ?bt?in?d thr?ugh ????i?liz?ti?n ?nd tr?d? if there i? a willing tr?ding ??rtn?r or if th? ??untr? discovers n?w r???ur??? ?r th?r? is a ?h?ng? in technology.If th? ?r?du?ti?n possibility fr?nti?r i? straight, it m??n? th?t th? r?t? ?f ?ub?tituti?n b etween th? tw? it?m? in question is constant ?r th? same. Consequently, the r???ur??? ??v?d by ?r?du?ing ?n? less unit of food ?r? ju?t ?uffi?i?nt t? ?ll?w th? ???n?m? t? ?r?du?? th? same added ?m?unt of ?r?du?t?. Thi? i? ??n?t?nt regardless ?f how much ?f ???h item th? ??untr? i? currently producing. Thi? consistent trade-off is known ?? ?r?du?ti?n und?r constant costs.E??N?MI? GR?WTH D?finiti?nW? define ???n?mi? gr?wth in ?n economy b? ?n outward shift in it? Pr?du?ti?n Possibility Curv? (PPC). E??n?mi? gr?wth is ?n increase in the ?????it? of ?n ???n?m? t? ?r?du?? goods ?nd services, compared from ?n? period ?f time to ?n?th?r.It ??n be m???ur?d b? the in?r???? in a ??untr?’? total ?ut?ut ?r real Gross Domestic Pr?du?t (GDP) ?r Gr??? N?ti?n?l Product (GNP).Th? Gr??? Domestic Pr?du?t (GDP) of a country i? th? t?t?l v?lu? of all fin?l g??d? ?nd services ?r?du??d within a ??untr? over a ??ri?d ?f tim?. Therefore an increase in GDP is th? in?r???? in a ??untr?’? ?r?du?ti?n.In sim plest terms, ???n?mi? gr?wth r?f?r? to ?n in?r???? in ?ggr?g?t? ?r?du?tivit?. Often, but not n??????ril?, aggregate g?in? in productivity ??rr?l?t? with increased average marginal ?r?du?tivit?.Thi? m??n? th? average laborer in a given economy becomes, on ?v?r?g?, m?r? productive. It is ?l?? ????ibl? t? achieve ?ggr?g?t? ???n?mi? gr?wth without an in?r????d average marginal productivity through ?xtr? immigration ?r high?r birth r?t??Gr?wth d???n’t ???ur in i??l?ti?n. Ev?nt? in ?n? country ?nd region ??n h?v? a ?ignifi??nt ?ff??t ?n gr?wth ?r?????t? in another. For ?x?m?l?, if th?r?’? a b?n ?n ?ut??ur?ing w?rk in th? Unit?d St?t??, thi? could have a m???iv? im???t ?n India’s GDP whi?h h?? a robust IT ???t?r dependent on ?ut??ur?ing.M??t d?v?l???d ???n?mi?? ?x??ri?n?? ?l?w?r economic gr?wth as ??m??r?d t? d?v?l??ing ??untri??. F?r ?x?m?l?, in 2016, Indi? h?d a gr?wth r?t? ?f 7.1% while th? Am?ri??n ???n?m? was ?nl? gr?wing ?t 1.6%.Thi? statistic ??n b? misleading b???u?? Indi?’ ? GDP w?? $2.264 trillion in 2016, whil? th? US was $18.57 trilli?n. It w?uld b? m?r? ???r??ri?t? t? ??m??r? th?ir ???n?mi? growth r?t?? during ?imil?r periods in th?ir hi?t?r?.Economic Growth i? not th? ??m? ?? Economic D?v?l??m?nt. D?v?l??m?nt alleviates ????l? fr?m low ?t?nd?rd? of living int? ?r???r employment with suitable shelter. Economic Growth d??? n?t t?k? int? ????unt th? depletion ?f n?tur?l resources whi?h might l??d t? pollution, ??ng??ti?n disease.D?v?l??m?nt, h?w?v?r, i? concerned with ?u?t?in?bilit? whi?h m??n? m??ting th? n??d? ?f the ?r???nt with?ut ??m?r?mi?ing future n??d?.Importance of E??n?mi? GrowthEconomic gr?wth is one ?f th? m??t important indi??t?r? ?f a h??lth? economy. On? ?f th? bigg??t im???t? ?f l?ng-t?rm gr?wth of a country is th?t it has a ???itiv? impact on n?ti?n?l in??m? ?nd th? level ?f ?m?l??m?nt, whi?h increases the standard of living.As th? ??untr?’? GDP i? in?r???ing, it is m?r? ?r?du?tiv? whi?h leads to m?r? ????l? b?ing employed. Thi? in?r????? th? w??lth ?f th? ??untr? and it? ???ul?ti?n.High?r ???n?mi? gr?wth ?l?? leads t? extra t?x in??m? f?r g?v?rnm?nt spending, whi?h th? g?v?rnm?nt ??n u?? t? d?v?l?? the economy. This ?x??n?i?n ??n ?l?? b? used t? reduce th? budg?t d?fi?it.Additi?n?ll?, as th? population of a ??untr? grows, it r??uir?? the growth t? keep u? it? ?t?nd?rd of living ?nd w??lth.E??n?mi? growth ?l?? h?l?? im?r?v? the standards ?f living ?nd r?du?? ??v?rt?, but these improvements ??nn?t ???ur with?ut ???n?mi? d?v?l??m?nt. E??n?mi? gr?wth alone ??nn?t ?limin?t? poverty ?n it? own.Types ?f E??n?mi? Gr?wthThere ?r? ?rim?ril? f?ur t???? of economic gr?wth:Boom and Bu?t Bu?in??? Cycles: If economic growth i? high-????d ?nd infl?ti?n?r?, th?n th? l?v?l ?f growth will b???m? unsustainable. Thi? ??uld lead t? a recession lik? th? Great R?????i?n in 2008. H?w?v?r, thi? t??? ?f gr?wth is typical ?f a business ???l?.Export-led: Th? J???n??? ?nd Chin??? ???n?m? h?v? ?x??ri?n??d ?x??rt-l?d gr?wth th?nk? to a h igh current ????unt ?ur?lu?. Thi? i? b???u?? th?? h?v? significantly more ?x??rt? than im??rt?.C?n?um?r: The US ???n?m? i? d???nd?nt on ??n?um?r spending for economic gr?wth. As a r??ult, they ?l?? h?v? a higher ?urr?nt ????unt d?fi?it.C?mm?dit? exports: These ???n?mi?? are d???nd?nt on th?ir n?tur?l resources lik? oil or iron ?r?. F?r example, S?udi Arabia h?? a h?d a very ?r????r?u? ???n?m? th?nk? to th?ir ?il ?x??rt?. H?w?v?r, this ??n ??u?? a ?r?bl?m wh?n commodity prices fall, and th?r? ?r?n’t other indu?tri?? t? balance thing? out.F??t?r? of E??n?mi? Gr?wthTh? f?ll?w ?ix ??u??? of ???n?mi? gr?wth ?r? k?? ??m??n?nt? in ?n ???n?m?. Improving ?r increasing th?ir ?u?ntit? can lead to growth in the economy.T??hn?l?g?: An?th?r influ?nti?l factor is th? im?r?v?m?nt ?f technology. Technology ??uld in?r???? ?r?du?tivit? with th? ??m? levels ?f l?b?r, thus ????l?r?ting gr?wth and development. Thi? m??n? f??t?ri?? can be more ?r?du?tiv? at lower ???t?. T??hn?l?g? i? m??t lik?l? t? l??d to ?u?t?in?d l?ng-run gr?wth.Physical Capital ?r Infr??tru?tur?: Increased inv??tm?nt in physical capital such ?? f??t?ri??, m??hin?r?, ?nd roads will lower th? ???t ?f ???n?mi? activity. B?tt?r f??t?ri?? ?nd machinery ?r? m?r? ?r?du?tiv? th?n ?h??i??l l?b?r. Thi? high?r ?r?du?tivit? ??n in?r???? ?ut?ut. For ?x?m?l?, h?ving a r?bu?t highw?? system can r?du?? inefficiencies in moving raw m?t?ri?l? or goods across th? country whi?h ??n in?r???? it? GDP.Hum?n C??it?l: An in?r???? in investment in human ???it?l ??n im?r?v? the quality ?f the l?b?r f?r??. Thi? would result in ?n improvement ?f skills, abilities, and training. A ?kill?d l?b?r f?r?? has a significant effect ?n growth ?in?? ?kill?d workers are m?r? ?r?du?tiv?. F?r ?x?m?l?, inv??ting in STEM ?tud?nt? ?r ?ub?idizing ??ding ???d?mi?? w?uld in?r???? the availability ?f workers f?r higher-skilled jobs that pay more than investing in blu? collar jobs.Natural Resources: Th? di???v?r? ?f m?r? natural r???ur??? lik? oil, ?r min?r?l d????it? m?? b???t economic growth as thi? ?hift? or in?r????? th? ??untr?’? Pr?du?ti?n Possibility Curv?. Oth?r r???ur??? in?lud? l?nd, w?t?r, forests and natural g??. R??li?ti??ll?, it i? difficult, if n?t im????ibl?, to in?r???? the numb?r ?f n?tur?l resources in a ??untr?. C?untri?? mu?t t?k? ??r? to balance the ?u??l? ?nd d?m?nd of ???r?? n?tur?l r???ur??? t? ?v?id d??l?ting th?m. Im?r?v?d l?nd management m?? im?r?v? th? ?u?lit? of l?nd and ??ntribut? t? ???n?mi? gr?wth.For ?x?m?l?, S?udi Arabia’s ???n?m? h?? historically been dependent ?n it? ?il d????it?.P??ul?ti?n ?r L?b?r: A gr?wing ???ul?ti?n m??n? there i? ?n in?r???? in th? ?v?il?bilit? ?f w?rk?r? or employees, whi?h m??n? a high?r w?rkf?r??. On? d?wn?id? of h?ving a l?rg? ???ul?ti?n i? that it ??uld l??d t? high un?m?l??m?nt.L?w: An in?tituti?n?l fr?m?w?rk whi?h regulates ???n?mi? ??tivit? ?u?h as rules ?nd l?w?. Th?r? i? no ????ifi? set ?f institutions th?t promote gr?wth.Limiting F??t?r? to E??n?mi? Gr?wthPoor h? ?lth ?nd l?w l?v?l? of ?du??ti?n: People wh? d?n’t h?v? ?????? t? h??lth??r? ?r education h?v? l?w?r l?v?l? ?f productivity. Thi? m??n? the l?b?r f?r?? i? n?t ?? productive ?? it could be. Th?r?f?r?, the ???n?m? d??? not r???h the ?r?du?tivit? it could ?th?rwi??.L??k ?f n??????r? infr??tru?tur?: D?v?l??ing nations often ?uff?r fr?m inadequate infr??tru?tur?? ?u?h ?? r??d?, ??h??l?, and hospitals. Thi? lack ?f infrastructure m?k?? tr?n???rt?ti?n m?r? expensive ?nd ?l?w? the ?v?r?ll ?ffi?i?n?? ?f the ??untr?.Flight ?f Capital: If th? ??untr? is n?t d?liv?ring the r?turn? expected fr?m inv??t?r?, th?n inv??t?r? will pull ?ut their m?n??. M?n?? ?ft?n fl?w? ?ut the country t? ???k high?r r?t?? of r?turn?.P?liti??l In?t?bilit?: Simil?rl?, ??liti??l in?t?bilit? in the g?v?rnm?nt scares inv??t?r? and hinders inv??tm?nt. For example, Zimb?bw? h?? b??n ?l?gu?d with ??liti??l un??rt?int? and l?w? favoring indigenous ?wn?r?hi?. This h?? ???r?d ?ff m?n? investors wh? ?r?f?r ?m?ll?r but ?ur?r r eturns elsewhere.Institutional Fr?m?w?rk: Oft?n l???l l?w? don’t adequately ?r?t??t right?. L??k ?f an in?tituti?n?l framework ??n ??v?r?l? impact progress ?nd inv??tm?nt.The World Tr?d? Organization: M?n? economists ?l?im th?t th? W?rld Tr?d? Org?niz?ti?n (WTO) ?nd ?th?r tr?ding systems are biased ?g?in?t developing n?ti?n?. M?n? d?v?l???d n?ti?n? ?d??t ?r?t??ti?ni?t ?tr?t?gi?? whi?h don’t help lib?r?liz? trade.Disadvantages ?f E??n?mi? Gr?wthTh?r? ?r? two ?r?bl?m? ?????i?t?d with the ???n?mi? growth:Environmental Degradation: P?lluti?n ?nd other n?g?tiv? ?xt?rn?liti?? ?ft?n ????m??n? in?r????d ?r?du?ti?n ?r in?r????d ???n?mi? gr?wth. Economists u?u?ll? ?????i?t? ?n ?dv?r?? impact on th? ?nvir?nm?nt with rapid gr?wth in developing ???n?mi??.Rising In??m? In??u?lit?: Gr?wth ?ft?n l??d? t? increased in??m? inequality. Th??? n?t inv?lv?d or r?l?t?d to th? gr?wth-g?n?r?ting ???t?r of th? economy g?t l?ft behind. U?u?ll?, th? rur?l ???ul?ti?n suffers th? m??t.

In The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl by Ray Bradbury...

In The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl by Ray Bradbury and The Tell Tale Hear by Edgar Allen Poe, both authors have to convince the reader that the main characters is mad. How do they do that? Which portrayal is more effective? Why? 1.The two stories that are going to be compared and contrasted are The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl by Ray Bradbury and The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe. Both stories are about murder and how the murderers react after the killings. In the story The Tell Tale Heart, Edgar Allen Poe writes about the murderers obsession and fear of an old mans clouded eye that drives him to kill. When officers of the law come to question him, he imagines noises from the dead dismembered body, which†¦show more content†¦This does not show madness, purely jealousy. 3.The two stories were very different in the narration. In The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl the story is told in the third person but the author makes us feel that we can understand William Actons thoughts and shows how he is thinking through the use of flashback and using conversation. I think this was more convincing of the main character madness than in The Tell Tale Heart, when in the first person, the narrator starts off by telling us that he is not mad. Throughout the story he talks about the fact of what he is doing could be mistaken for madness but is not really madness and now have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over-acuteness of the scenes? and if still you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body. 4.William Acton attitude towards the dead body and the crime surprised us he had never thought of himself as a sculpture. He realized by some sculpturing, clenching and re-modeling and twisting of human clay. He saw himself as an artist he had physical contact with the dead body. He further saw the murder himself as an artistic creation yes it was an artistic creation this in itself shows that his attitude was irrational and not a normal reaction. The opening showed calmness but then Acton began to panic, rush get away. Later he becameShow MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tell Tale Heart The Tell Tale Heart is a story about a man who killed an old man just because he didnt like the way his eyes looked like. The main character speaks about madness as being a gift and not a kid of disability for example in paragraph one on page 93 he says: but why would you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses-not destroyed-not dulled them. The mad man killed the old man and then cut him up and put him under the floorboards ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCity Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen

The Demand For Online Classes - 1642 Words

The demand for online classes is on the rise despite speculation by some experts who view the format as inferior to a traditional classroom education (Faculty Professional Development and Student Satisfaction in Online Higher Education). Although the subject is met with a diversity of opinions, most major institutions of higher learning continue to invest heavily in technology-based education and the availability of classes continues to grow. A substantial body of research reveals that online classes are an effective means of instruction (Why online education will attain full scale). Moreover, assumptions can be extracted from the first model of computer-based instruction that demonstrate the value and viability of online learning as†¦show more content†¦The study further states that enrollment has continued to increase unabated since then (Online Education and Its Effective Practice: A Research Review). To that end, the transition from traditional to online education has be en driven in large part by a sharp rise in income inequality. The intersection between non-traditional low-skilled workers and pervasive poverty in the U.S. continues to be the impetus for many to enroll in online classes. Proponents of online education see great promise in the relatively young industry and a social need for future exploration of the topic, however not everyone is in favor of this endeavor. Undoubtedly, online education has many supporters but it has a few detractors as well. According to a journal article published by ERIC, â€Å"The historical trend has been that most faculty feel positively toward and satisfied with their online teaching experiences† (Faculty Professional Development and Student Satisfaction in Online Higher Education). Yet, an article in EdTech Magazine points to a recent survey which reveals the surprising fact that confidence in onlineShow MoreRelatedTeaching Is A Difficult Job1478 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching is a difficult job because there are multiple demands that must be met. The government demands you teach the curriculum, society demands you prepare them for the future, and students demand to be taught something worth learning. These demands are easily obtained by incorporating technology into the education system. Incorporating technology into classrooms provides an alternative learning experience, 21st century skills, and reduces costs. Not every child is capable of learning and comprehendingRead MoreOnline Learning Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesShould online courses be offered in more colleges? Today, there is a growing demand of students who are determined to pursue their education without having to go to school. The critics of online education argue that traditional teaching in classrooms is better than online education. However, online courses should be offered in more colleges. One of the reasons for online courses to be offered in colleges is level of comfort. In this case, students get less intimidated by some students around themRead MoreOnline Learning Vs. Traditional Classroom1586 Words   |  7 Pagesand so has the ways to obtain higher learning. Students now have the option to complete their learning online, as well as, the traditional route. Online learning has been looked at as a lower level of learning, compared to the traditional classroom setting. I believe that online learning has now evolved to the level that it is equal to the traditional classroom setting. I also believe that online learning adds additional benefits to students when used in conjunction with traditional learning. 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Business Strategy 2 Free Essays

string(54) " would be related to shoes and mainly sports apparel\." Examine approaches to strategr5y evaluation and selection Analyse possible alternative strategies relating to substantive growth, limited growth, and Market entry strategies, and disinvestment strategies IKEA has marketed its products well and has dealt with all the problems easily. But there have been some constraints that came in the way of IKEA and alternative strategies have to be developed for them. These strategies are as follows: Substantive growth: In any business strategy growth is the most important factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Strategy 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now To achieve substantive growth the firm needs to go through a lot of planning. Some of the key advantages of substantive growth are: †¢ Exponential Growth: Once IKEA achieves substantive growth in their business then they can be confident that it will lead to more growth in the future. There is a tendency of the growth of wealth at an exponential rate and the company can use these funds for other project to generate gains in future. While an organization achieves substantial growth the main benefit is that it helps in investing them for future benefits and achieving potential wealth gains. This is always a welcome consideration. Competition: Substantive growth of IKEA will help them to understand the strength of the competition and developing the business strategy accordingly. The faster a company achieves substantive growth the easier it is for them to beat the competition. The added wealth that IKEA gains from substantive growth can be utilized to gain the market share from different competitors. The best thing about substantive growth is that it acts as a motivator. Once a business starts gaining substantive growth it can be more than sure that it has gained advantage over the competition. Priorities: It is very important to decide the priorities in any business. Making clear strategies and deciding which goals need higher levels of importance will help the business in understanding the key priorities. Substantive growth acts as the best indicator and helps the strategists to make each and every step clear. It helps in rationally planning and deciding the goals that can be successful with time. Limited Growth: To achieve long term success and maximum growth IKEA needs to make sure that it is going through a period of limited growth. Limited growth will reduce risk and financial problems. To achieve limited growth the firm should make sure that the business is not running ahead of the expected goals. There should be consistency in the growth of the business that can only be achieved through limited growth. Limited growth can be attained by monitoring the business continuously and responding well to each and every situation. Market entry strategies: Till date IKEA has entered most of the markets successfully and has been able to adapt with the local conditions. The best marketing strategies that can be adapted to enter the markets successfully is to understand the wants of the locals and promote the product through different mediums. If the company uses an effective marketing mix in the markets of different countries then the market entry will be very easy for them. Disinvestment strategies: Disinvestment means liquidation of stock that leads to some policy change. Disinvestment can be used as an effective strategy by IKEA to liquidate its assets and build good relations with the local government. This strategy can be used to bring in positive changes and make the decision making process easier. To develop a strong disinvestment strategy the firm should analyse all its investments properly and focus on increased profitability. P8 Select an appropriate future strategy for a given organisation o Examine the approaches to strategy evaluation and selection and select an appropriate future strategy for the chosen organisation IKEA is one of the top furnishing companies in the world. They provide well designed home furnishing products at cost effective rates. The business model created by IKEA has helped them enter new markets and get to the nerves of the consumers. The strategies of IKEA involve competitor analysis, market analysis, environmental analysis, customer analysis, etc. The company continuously evaluates the strategies and plans their action according to the research made. The best part is that IKEA has been very good when it comes to successful implementation of its policies. One of the future strategy that can help reach out to its customers easily is the internet marketing strategy. Among all the marketing strategies used by IKEA the change in socio-cultural trend should be properly analysed and they should use the internet marketing technique effectively. Internet is acting as the best way to reach out to the customers and there are many social networking sites where prospective customers can be found. IKEA already has its website and it just needs to use the social networking websites effectively to promote its products. Since effective promotion acts as the best way to reach out to the consumers IKEA should look out for this option to increase its reach. This is better than any other medium as it is not limited to one specific location and helps the firm to reach out to whole world. Since IKEA operates in different parts of the world this is the most effective advertising tool for them. Understand how to implement a chosen strategy Compare the roles and responsibilities for strategy implementation in two different organisations The roles and responsibilities of for proper strategy implementation differ in different organizations. For example the strategy implementation in IKEA would be completely different to the roles in companies like NIKE. The roles of the people in NIKE need to be different from that of IKEA. In NIKE the managers need to know the footwear and the apparel that is in trend. While conducting the market research the team in NIKE needs to understand what people like to wear and the wants of the people in different markets all over the world. Since NIKE has been developing its footwear since its inception everything in their RD would be related to shoes and mainly sports apparel. You read "Business Strategy 2" in category "Papers" Innovation is required in different fields and developing new things would surely catch the consumer’s eye. But before developing an effective strategy and implementing it the organization needs to understand itself and the product that it is selling. They need to understand whether their plans and policies will be effective enough. While developing the plans NIKE needs to understand the trends in the footwear market and develop the footwear according to the response of the consumers. The company needs to conduct the process in a cost effective manner but many times they are likely to face loss. If the new footwear range developed by NIKE does not go down well with the consumers then that range would go to waste and they will suffer loss over there. As compared to NIKE the roles in IKEA are totally different. IKEA is involved in furnishing and designing modern furniture for different places. So the roles totally change in the strategy planning and implementation here. IKEA needs to have a look at the furnishings that are in trend and that are loved by different customers. They can be more flexible with the innovation of their products. If the new product launched by them is not liked by one consumer then there are chances that it can be sold to other customer, as compared to NIKE where the whole footwear range can go to waste if there is a negative response. NIKE designs footwear for humans whereas IKEA has to focus on the look of the house. So the strategy is totally different. As you need to make the place look as beautiful as possible IKEA would need to understand the place much better and make the strategies according to that. Evaluate resource requirements to implement a new strategy for a given organisation The resources required for the implementation of a new strategy are: †¢ Action planning: The organization needs to have a team that can develop a good plan of action. This will help in detailing the strategy and assigning responsibilities to every individual in the organization. The planning stage decides the future steps and provides a direction to the goal of the strategy. The planning phase needs to have experienced professionals and people who can design proper goals for the future of the organization. The strategy can be successful if the action planning phase is successful. †¢ Organizational Structure: The strategy should be favourable to the current organizational structure. If the strategy developed is conducted in an organized way then it will surely be successful. The RD team should convey the required information to the respective teams and develop a proper structure. †¢ Human Resource Factors: Human resource is an important factor when it comes to successful implantation of plans. Every individual needs to understand their responsibilities and there should be good communication among individuals. Whenever there is a need to implement a new strategy the goals should be made clear to every team. In human resource the team leader and the managers have huge role to play. They need to guide the team and motivate them to implement the strategy effectively. Discuss targets and timescales for achievement in a given organisation to monitor a given strategy As discussed above IKEA has been constantly aiming to expand its market size and provide a range of products to its customers. However for any company of the size of IKEA to grow and reach newer heights it is very important that they have a set target and are aware of when these need to be achieved. Some of the targets with timescales which would help them achieve the following objectives: †¢ Lower prices and provide better quality by 30% by the end of 2015: Here the objective is pretty clear. The specified target for the company is to better the quality of products they have on offer along with the prices they offer. In order to do so the company needs to analyse about the possible ways to cut costs so that it could be passed on to the customers. With the view to 2015 being the target year the company should check if they have achieved at least half of what they expect by the year 2015. At the end of 2013 and 2014 the company would need to analyse the prices, costs, and the quality of its products which would be clear from the increased/decreased sales. This should be compared with the data for the earlier year and company would need to take the right measures in the way forward. †¢ Enhance customer service by 25% by the end of 2013: Customer Service cannot be measured but service coverage and the number of people serviced can be. So the company needs to keep a record as well as ensure taking feedback from the customers they service. Comparing it in the mid of 2013 would be ideal to check whether customers were much happier than the year before. Here the company can know about its weaknesses and work upon the possible solutions so that their target of 25% could be achieved. †¢ Increase awareness of the product: This could be done only through advertisements Here the company should prepare an advertising strategy to implement it while putting up ads on various media sources. It needs to be backed up by adequate availability of the products advertised. Seasonal discounts are the recommended ways to increase awareness and sales. †¢ Add several of new products by 2014: A phased out strategic implementation for rolling out new products seems ideal. Here the company should not bring out new products all at once rather should plan out launching products at regular intervals. Probably a product each month till 2014 should be the best way to go ahead and expand on its portfolio. Therefore a planned strategic move seems to be the answer for IKEA so that it could achieve the targets it has and expand across its markets. With planned implementation and scheduled operations things would be way easier as compared to an unplanned approach for marketing as well as promoting the company’s products. How to cite Business Strategy 2, Papers Business Strategy 2 Free Essays string(54) " would be related to shoes and mainly sports apparel\." Examine approaches to strategr5y evaluation and selection Analyse possible alternative strategies relating to substantive growth, limited growth, and Market entry strategies, and disinvestment strategies IKEA has marketed its products well and has dealt with all the problems easily. But there have been some constraints that came in the way of IKEA and alternative strategies have to be developed for them. These strategies are as follows: Substantive growth: In any business strategy growth is the most important factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Strategy 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now To achieve substantive growth the firm needs to go through a lot of planning. Some of the key advantages of substantive growth are: †¢ Exponential Growth: Once IKEA achieves substantive growth in their business then they can be confident that it will lead to more growth in the future. There is a tendency of the growth of wealth at an exponential rate and the company can use these funds for other project to generate gains in future. While an organization achieves substantial growth the main benefit is that it helps in investing them for future benefits and achieving potential wealth gains. This is always a welcome consideration. Competition: Substantive growth of IKEA will help them to understand the strength of the competition and developing the business strategy accordingly. The faster a company achieves substantive growth the easier it is for them to beat the competition. The added wealth that IKEA gains from substantive growth can be utilized to gain the market share from different competitors. The best thing about substantive growth is that it acts as a motivator. Once a business starts gaining substantive growth it can be more than sure that it has gained advantage over the competition. Priorities: It is very important to decide the priorities in any business. Making clear strategies and deciding which goals need higher levels of importance will help the business in understanding the key priorities. Substantive growth acts as the best indicator and helps the strategists to make each and every step clear. It helps in rationally planning and deciding the goals that can be successful with time. Limited Growth: To achieve long term success and maximum growth IKEA needs to make sure that it is going through a period of limited growth. Limited growth will reduce risk and financial problems. To achieve limited growth the firm should make sure that the business is not running ahead of the expected goals. There should be consistency in the growth of the business that can only be achieved through limited growth. Limited growth can be attained by monitoring the business continuously and responding well to each and every situation. Market entry strategies: Till date IKEA has entered most of the markets successfully and has been able to adapt with the local conditions. The best marketing strategies that can be adapted to enter the markets successfully is to understand the wants of the locals and promote the product through different mediums. If the company uses an effective marketing mix in the markets of different countries then the market entry will be very easy for them. Disinvestment strategies: Disinvestment means liquidation of stock that leads to some policy change. Disinvestment can be used as an effective strategy by IKEA to liquidate its assets and build good relations with the local government. This strategy can be used to bring in positive changes and make the decision making process easier. To develop a strong disinvestment strategy the firm should analyse all its investments properly and focus on increased profitability. P8 Select an appropriate future strategy for a given organisation o Examine the approaches to strategy evaluation and selection and select an appropriate future strategy for the chosen organisation IKEA is one of the top furnishing companies in the world. They provide well designed home furnishing products at cost effective rates. The business model created by IKEA has helped them enter new markets and get to the nerves of the consumers. The strategies of IKEA involve competitor analysis, market analysis, environmental analysis, customer analysis, etc. The company continuously evaluates the strategies and plans their action according to the research made. The best part is that IKEA has been very good when it comes to successful implementation of its policies. One of the future strategy that can help reach out to its customers easily is the internet marketing strategy. Among all the marketing strategies used by IKEA the change in socio-cultural trend should be properly analysed and they should use the internet marketing technique effectively. Internet is acting as the best way to reach out to the customers and there are many social networking sites where prospective customers can be found. IKEA already has its website and it just needs to use the social networking websites effectively to promote its products. Since effective promotion acts as the best way to reach out to the consumers IKEA should look out for this option to increase its reach. This is better than any other medium as it is not limited to one specific location and helps the firm to reach out to whole world. Since IKEA operates in different parts of the world this is the most effective advertising tool for them. Understand how to implement a chosen strategy Compare the roles and responsibilities for strategy implementation in two different organisations The roles and responsibilities of for proper strategy implementation differ in different organizations. For example the strategy implementation in IKEA would be completely different to the roles in companies like NIKE. The roles of the people in NIKE need to be different from that of IKEA. In NIKE the managers need to know the footwear and the apparel that is in trend. While conducting the market research the team in NIKE needs to understand what people like to wear and the wants of the people in different markets all over the world. Since NIKE has been developing its footwear since its inception everything in their RD would be related to shoes and mainly sports apparel. You read "Business Strategy 2" in category "Essay examples" Innovation is required in different fields and developing new things would surely catch the consumer’s eye. But before developing an effective strategy and implementing it the organization needs to understand itself and the product that it is selling. They need to understand whether their plans and policies will be effective enough. While developing the plans NIKE needs to understand the trends in the footwear market and develop the footwear according to the response of the consumers. The company needs to conduct the process in a cost effective manner but many times they are likely to face loss. If the new footwear range developed by NIKE does not go down well with the consumers then that range would go to waste and they will suffer loss over there. As compared to NIKE the roles in IKEA are totally different. IKEA is involved in furnishing and designing modern furniture for different places. So the roles totally change in the strategy planning and implementation here. IKEA needs to have a look at the furnishings that are in trend and that are loved by different customers. They can be more flexible with the innovation of their products. If the new product launched by them is not liked by one consumer then there are chances that it can be sold to other customer, as compared to NIKE where the whole footwear range can go to waste if there is a negative response. NIKE designs footwear for humans whereas IKEA has to focus on the look of the house. So the strategy is totally different. As you need to make the place look as beautiful as possible IKEA would need to understand the place much better and make the strategies according to that. Evaluate resource requirements to implement a new strategy for a given organisation The resources required for the implementation of a new strategy are: †¢ Action planning: The organization needs to have a team that can develop a good plan of action. This will help in detailing the strategy and assigning responsibilities to every individual in the organization. The planning stage decides the future steps and provides a direction to the goal of the strategy. The planning phase needs to have experienced professionals and people who can design proper goals for the future of the organization. The strategy can be successful if the action planning phase is successful. †¢ Organizational Structure: The strategy should be favourable to the current organizational structure. If the strategy developed is conducted in an organized way then it will surely be successful. The RD team should convey the required information to the respective teams and develop a proper structure. †¢ Human Resource Factors: Human resource is an important factor when it comes to successful implantation of plans. Every individual needs to understand their responsibilities and there should be good communication among individuals. Whenever there is a need to implement a new strategy the goals should be made clear to every team. In human resource the team leader and the managers have huge role to play. They need to guide the team and motivate them to implement the strategy effectively. Discuss targets and timescales for achievement in a given organisation to monitor a given strategy As discussed above IKEA has been constantly aiming to expand its market size and provide a range of products to its customers. However for any company of the size of IKEA to grow and reach newer heights it is very important that they have a set target and are aware of when these need to be achieved. Some of the targets with timescales which would help them achieve the following objectives: †¢ Lower prices and provide better quality by 30% by the end of 2015: Here the objective is pretty clear. The specified target for the company is to better the quality of products they have on offer along with the prices they offer. In order to do so the company needs to analyse about the possible ways to cut costs so that it could be passed on to the customers. With the view to 2015 being the target year the company should check if they have achieved at least half of what they expect by the year 2015. At the end of 2013 and 2014 the company would need to analyse the prices, costs, and the quality of its products which would be clear from the increased/decreased sales. This should be compared with the data for the earlier year and company would need to take the right measures in the way forward. †¢ Enhance customer service by 25% by the end of 2013: Customer Service cannot be measured but service coverage and the number of people serviced can be. So the company needs to keep a record as well as ensure taking feedback from the customers they service. Comparing it in the mid of 2013 would be ideal to check whether customers were much happier than the year before. Here the company can know about its weaknesses and work upon the possible solutions so that their target of 25% could be achieved. †¢ Increase awareness of the product: This could be done only through advertisements Here the company should prepare an advertising strategy to implement it while putting up ads on various media sources. It needs to be backed up by adequate availability of the products advertised. Seasonal discounts are the recommended ways to increase awareness and sales. †¢ Add several of new products by 2014: A phased out strategic implementation for rolling out new products seems ideal. Here the company should not bring out new products all at once rather should plan out launching products at regular intervals. Probably a product each month till 2014 should be the best way to go ahead and expand on its portfolio. Therefore a planned strategic move seems to be the answer for IKEA so that it could achieve the targets it has and expand across its markets. With planned implementation and scheduled operations things would be way easier as compared to an unplanned approach for marketing as well as promoting the company’s products. How to cite Business Strategy 2, Essay examples

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays (5383 words) - Biofuels, Hemp

Legalization Of Marijuana Several pressing issues have arose throughout time, such as abortion and capitol punishment. The controversies have been addressed and decisions have been made. A new topic has emerged l states (1986, Congress), (Buchsbaum, 8). This crowds court rooms and jail cells, often times forcing judges to release violent offenders. In 1994 alone, 1.35 million people were incarcerated because of possession and use of marijuana (Buckley, 70). Even though only an estimates ten million Americans use marijuana on a monthly basis, about seventy million have at some time tried it. The current laws would justify putting all seventy million citizens in jail (Buckley, 70). Several pressing issues have arose throughout time, such as abortion and capitol punishment. The controversies have been addressed and decisions have been made. A new topic has emerged and demands recognition. It is the legalization of marijuana. Legalizing marijuana has become a widely discussed topic in the United States and the world for several reasons, including its role in industry and in recreation. Over the centuries, marijuana has been used to make such things as rope, sails, paper, cloth, oil, birdseed, and other various products. It was a major cash crop in the United States until 1937 when the Marijuana Tax Act was enacted by Congress. Harry Aslinger is responsible for leading the nation in an anti-marijuana movement. He initiated the uproar by publishing false stories of people in Mexico dying and going insane due to the use of hemp, or marijuana, products. Aslinger created a myth of the killer reefer and the assassin of youth, in which he depicted marijuana as the plant of evilness. The public naively presumed his stories were true, and avidly protested the growth of marijuana. The government had no choice but to act on the issue, outlawing the production of marijuana in an effort to satisfy the public's demand. Today, however, there is a growing number of marijuana activists. In 1994 alone, there was twenty-five million dollars worth of products created from hemp (Barry, 22). China, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain are large suppliers of hemp products which the United States imports. Such companies as Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Adidas, and Disney offer hemp commodities to the public. Popular Mechanics has listed over 25,000 products which marijuana could be used to make. Daily uses include: clothes, soaps, hair products, flour, candles, oil, paper, motor and fiberboard for building, hemp chips for horse bedding, textiles, and machine lubricants. The list is endless. If marijuana was used to make oil, it would reduce gasoline consumption by one half. Likewise, it would cut back deforestation by one half if the pulp was excreted to create paper. The United States Department of Agriculture has calculated that, over twenty years, one acre of hemp would yield as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees. (Barry, 22) Perhaps one of the best arguments for marijuana activists is that the marijuana plants are actually environmentally-friendly. The crop can be produces with little or no fertilizers or pesticides, which could help save the planet from chemical doom. (Barry, 23). Cotton, presently one of the largest cash crops in the south, is a chemical dependent crop and requires large quantities of water, which, in most cases, must be supplied by artificial means. Not only would marijuana eliminate a large amount of chemicals that are being pumped into our environment daily, but it would also remove heavy metals from the soil and replenish the ozone. The legalization of industrial marijuana is under consideration in California, Colorado, Hawaii, Missouri, Washington, and Kentucky, which was the largest producer of hemp when outlawed by the Marijuana Prohibitive Act of 1937 (Elvin, 17). Struggling Vermont farmers are supporters of revitalizing this miracle plant, and rightfully so. A majority of the Vermont farmers presently produce milk, which has a gross income of three hundred million dollars annually. Just and acre of hemp would have a nine hundred dollar commercial value. The legalization of industrial hemp would undoubtedly improve Vermont's economy. (Elvin, 17) There are two major oppositions to industrial hemp legalization, the law enforcement and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The law enforcement argues that it would be difficult to differentiate between a farmer growing marijuana

Perceptions of the Elderly toward the New Generation

Perceptions of the Elderly toward the New Generation Introduction The past couple of decades have seen the world’s population adopt various aspects of changes in terms of the food people eat, the entertainment activities they engage in, the modes of communication they use, their interests and other lifestyle changes. The main architects and pursuers of these transformative endeavors are the youths and the young adults.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Perceptions of the Elderly toward the New Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ways in which people conduct their businesses have also changed. The new Japanese business trend is a good case study that can attest to these changes. However, during this rush to embrace new modes of lifestyles, there seems to be a whole generation that has been left behind, which is the elderly. This group of people played a very crucial role in the past, by offering wise counsel to other members of the society. They were heavily consulted when making important decisions, especially those that significantly affect the society. However, this is not the case today as the present young generation have not only ignored the elderly but also considered their counsel irrelevant (Borovoy, 2008, p 568). The Thesis Statement The aim of this research proposal is to study the relationship between the present younger generation and the elderly in the Japan’s family setup and establish their correlation. Methodology Each member will be issued with a questionnaire that he or she will give to the oldest member of the family to fill. In case where the oldest member of the family is unable to understand the contents of the questionnaire, then another literate member of the family will read it loudly and interpret it to him or her. Discussion In collaboration with twenty nine other students from my class, we shall undertake to conduct a study that is aimed at ascertaining the roles played by the elderly in Japa nese households. The study will require each member of the team to perform interview tests to the eldest members of their families based on a couple of predetermined subjects. This study will generally be concerned with the perception of the younger generation towards the elderly generation. In order to effectively establish this, we will seek to find out the roles the elderly can play in their households so as to influence the perceptions of the younger generations towards them.Advertising Looking for proposal on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is common knowledge that the global economy has recently faced some hard times, normally characterized by recessions and depressions. In essence, there have been a lot of worries across many generations, on the best economic practices that can be applied to evade these scenarios. It is also important to note that the elderly in most households are people w ho are either headed for retirement or who have recently retired. They are therefore in great positions to offer sound counsel to their families on issues such as the global economic recession. On the other hand, there are new and bright market leaders who are not only young but also capable of understanding the global market trends. We shall seek to find out the views of these two groups of people on this issue. In this regard, we shall be on a mission to establish if the elderly people could offer wise and up to date counsel that can accurately help address the prevailing situations. According to the available demographic statistics, the population of the world has increased tremendously over the past three decades. This has led to the introduction and adoption of new concepts of family planning. The prevailing family trends indicate that the now elderly population had relatively large numbers of children, and some of them were even in polygamous marriages. But with the prevailing economic constraints, the few jobs that are hard to come by and the huge responsibilities that are involved in bringing up children, these patterns have significantly changed over time. In this respect, this study will focus on finding out the perception of these two generations toward family planning. Data Analysis The data that will be acquired from this research study will be sorted out and categorized as either quantitative or qualitative. Analyzing the quantitative data will involve the interpretation of the raw and tangible components of the information that has been obtained from the study (Grbich, 2007, p. 120). This data will include the number of the elderly people who can authoritatively offer sound counsel to their families on global economic conditions and the number of the currently educated young people who can care to listen to their elders as they talk about this issue.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Perceptions of the Elderly toward t he New Generation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The number of elderly people who support family planning, a viable option for addressing the unsustainable population growth, will also be enumerated against that of the younger generation. The analysis of the qualitative data on the other hand will involve interpretation of the intangible components of the information obtained from the study. Conclusion The views held by the aged and the young generations on some topics, can be greatly influenced by age, exposure and level of education (Postigoa, 2010, p. 341). As much as this concept is true, some elderly individuals can be reluctant to embrace ideas that come from the younger generation for fear of abdicating their roles. Younger people, especially the educated ones, always assume that the counsel offered by the elderly, has been overtaken by events and is therefore not of significant importance in solving most of the present day’s problems. References Borovoy, A. (2008). Japan’s hidden youths: mainstreaming the emotionally distressed in Japan. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 32(4), 552-576. Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. London: SAGE Publications. Postigoa, J. M. (2010). The co-residence of elderly people with their children and grandchildren. Educational Gerontology, 36(4), 330-349.

Using PrepScholar to Boost Academic Motivation

Using PrepScholar to Boost Academic Motivation SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many parents have experienced the frustration of high schoolers who seem academically unmotivated. We think we’re a great answer to that problemread on to find out why. Teaching and learning are very complex processes that very few people understand. We at PrepScholar are at the cutting edge of modern educational tools, and that is partly due to our intimate knowledge of teaching and learning. In this post we break down some of the most important factors in motivating your student. Supervision Matters. Studies show that students are inherently motivated by the attention of parents and teachers to their progress. Online SAT and ACT prep might at first seem like a far cry from the intimacy of a 1-on-1 teacher-student relationship, but PrepScholar actually offers more personalized content and feedback than our classroom competitors. Most importantly, all of the information is sent to both students and parents, so you are notified immediately if your student isn’t putting the hours in. We also keep track of your student’s schedule and the time being spent on test prep. With PrepScholar, every week your student enters his or her planned study schedule, aiming ideally to complete ten weekly lessons (or about 5 hours). The study schedule the student enters is sent to the student, parents and PrepScholar so everyone is on the same page. We at PrepScholar believe that one thing affects SAT and ACT score increases the most: the number of hours a student spends preparing. To this end, we send weekly progress reports to students and parents that summarize the number of hours spent studying and the lessons that have been completed that week. Tutoring gives even more detailed feedback. With PrepScholar tutoring, an experienced tutor helps your student navigate through the hardest parts of his or her lessons, paying special attention to skills that appear more often on the test or to the sections that are more important to the schools the student hopes to attend. The tutor also sends session followup emails to parents and students after every tutoring session, discussing the topics covered and any special circumstances parents might like to know about. College Matters. Too many test prep companies focus on the test as an end in itself; we never forget that SAT and ACT prep is a means to an end: the best possible college education for your student. Our prep has a definite and specific goal that motivates students by connecting to real life rewards. We are college admissions experts, and so we never lose sight of the ultimate goal. Going a step further, our strategy lessons help students target the right schools for them and the right scores to get in. We also offer college counseling as part of our tutoring package. Difficulty Matters. Our extensive teaching experience, not to mention contemporary educational theory, shows that students are very easily demotivated by discouragement. We want to avoid the â€Å"I just can’t do it† attitude, so the lessons each student receives are based on his or her scores on our diagnostic testif your student’s skills in Geometry are weak, he or she will receive the most basic Geometry information first. If your student doesn’t master the skill in a given lesson, depending on his or her score on the lesson’s Practice Quiz, the skill will reappear periodically for the student to try againunlike classroom prep, we don’t move on until your student does. Encouragement Matters. With PrepScholar, students get positive reinforcement for progress and hours studying. The weekly emails and interactive feedback are 100% encouraging, designed to cheer students on to the next level of achievement. When students don’t complete their weekly 5 hours, we remind them of the relationship between hours studying and score improvement, encouraging them to try again next week. Encouragement is also one of the main reasons we offer tutoring at PrepScholarfor some students, there’s no substitute for an educator’s friendly face and positive feedback after successes. Our weekly Skype tutoring sessions provide an intimate space for students to ask about their problems and get recognition for their achievements. Fun Matters. Our current program gives students visual information about their progress, tracking all the lessons they did and when so they can view the history of their test prep accomplishments. The site is easy to use, and we will soon be adding more fun features that make the prep experience more like a game to be won than a chore to be completed. Because, really, getting into college is a sort of game, and SAT and ACT prep is one of the most important strategies to win. If you found this article useful, please consider joining our email list at right. Your information will never be shared or sold.

How would you explain the popularity of the cakewalk in the late Essay

How would you explain the popularity of the cakewalk in the late nineteenth-century United States - Essay Example This kind of song and dance competition took place among the slaves in the southern part of the US mainly before the emancipation but it is needless to say that even after emancipation the dance and song style did not die off. This paper seeks to explain the popularity of the cakewalk in the late nineteenth-century United States. Most of the facts of cakewalk dance and song were not extensively documented as at 1981. However, there existed a myriad of accounts about the dance. Brooke Baldwin in his 1981 articles (in the Journal of Social History) the Cakewalk: a Study in Stereotype and Reality submitted a nearly complete compilation of the already existing accounts of the dance (Baldwin, 1981: pp203-212). The compilation was, to larger part, accounts of the eye witnesses of the dance. These eye witnesses were the ex-slaves who may have also took part in the dance. The accounts by the Virginia and Georgia ex-slaves had already been verified by the WPA researchers in the 1930s. Baldwin clearly notes in his article that after the 1930 WPA research, it became immensely difficult to hide the happier side of slavery (Baldwin, 1981: pp207). One of the respondent recalled how she used to sing the songs and cakewalk. She also added how cakewalk was indeed fun among the slaves during the slavery times. According to this specific respondent, the women wore long dresses which were often ruffled and the men wore not only high hats but split tailed coats. They sometimes used walking sticks during the dance. The dance was done in couples and the couple that danced the best would receive the prize. It is interesting to note that the white slave owners would attend the cakewalk dances and they enjoyed a lot watching the slaves dance. Actually, the slave owners decided the winning couple. This account was a first hand account from a former slave in Virginia. Besides the first hand accounts, Baldwin also

Human resources Corporate culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human resources Corporate culture - Assignment Example I have seen that the Theory X managers are usually very quick to reach conclusions and are usually wrong in their assumptions but this is not the case with the Theory Y managers who take their time to understand things and then decide for their own selves what the best course of action is (Papa, Daniels, & Spiker, 2008). As far as the assumptions of human nature and standards of behavior within the contexts of influencing organizational cultures are concerned, I have witnessed that the organizational culture is usually backed up with an understanding of the human natures which are spread across the domains of an organization. This also means that the standards of behavior bring about different influences within the making up of the organizational culture which is something very significant indeed. I have seen assumptions of human nature and standards of behavior being at the behest of bringing about significant changes in the course of the human resources management regimes in an org anization. This is because people react differently within varied scenarios and it is important to comprehend such circumstances. Human nature is something that shapes up the entire discussion of the organizational culture and it is about time that one comprehends the true implications of the same.

Essay --

My Faith Experience Justified Have you ever been in a situation where you found yourself questioning you own believe? The world we live in today is very dynamic and most of us, if not all of us have had to do certain things that were personally were against our will thus we somehow compromised our own faith. We all believe in something. Don’t we? The important thing to not about faith is that it is indirectly our world view. What we believe is maps how we view the world view and how we survive our daily lives. My Christian walk of faith has not been easy but through God’s guidance & mercy I am able to give this testimony. The doctrine of justification by faith is an interesting bubble in Christian theology that has affect our understanding of God and his parameters. Having been raised up in an Adventist home â€Å"a blessing in disguise â€Å"I was dedicated to the lord by a pastor in one Adventist church. I personally believe this was the start of my Christian journey. Despite being a few weeks old and not knowing what was happening, this ceremony was the inception of a new way of life. The world somehow believes that we are born with guilt and a predetermined penalty of sin which is true. (Psalm 51:5) Firstly, why would people want to declare themselves righteous sinners if Christ came as the sacrificial atonement? Martin Luther is one 16th century reformer who questioned his faith at a critical time while he was in an Augustinian monastery. After much studying and contemplation he came out in the open to critique the authority of the church (The Catholic Church). When I analyze Luther’s stance, I picture it in my life as those small reforms that I engaged in that have actually led to me being a better person. These may have had to do wi... ... special clique of Protestant churches except the old and single affirmation of Luther. The seventh day Adventists for example have been able to recognize and adopt that despite being protestant they exist because they are waiting for a second coming; the Advent and that has become the basis of the mission. To sum up, Augustine’s view on actual sin by grace is crucial for the existence of mankind. Man ought to live in grace that yields its intended effect without fail and not opposing human freewill. John Calvin concurs as he says that â€Å"perfect freedom is when a person follows the will of God† (History through the eyes of Faith p.133). In closing Augustine view on actual sin by grace is vital in the lives of mankind. It has even helped reformers of the Ages like M. Luther make substantial changes to the Christian church and it undoubtedly can help you and me today.